虱螨脲80%水分散粒剂的研制

虱螨脲属高效低毒的苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂,主要用于防治玉米、蔬菜、棉花、果树等鳞翅目等幼虫;另外,虱螨脲也可用于防治宠物身上和公共场所的跳蚤[1]。我们通过该药的特点,对其水性化高含量农药制剂进行了研究,并确定了最佳配方。对该产品的崩解性、悬浮率、分散性、润湿性和稳定性进行了测定。研究结果表明产品各项技术指标和热贮稳定性测定均达到水分散粒剂的质量指标。     

陕北煤炭资源开发中的环境价值损失评估研究——基于CVM的问卷调查与分析

采用意愿价值评估法(CVM),通过引进目前国际上最为先进的开放式双边界二元选择问卷设计模式,采用随机面访方式,在陕北煤炭资源开发地30个行政村共发放问卷600份,对当地居民对改善生态环境的支付意愿进行了研究,以此为基础研究煤炭资源开发造成的的环境价值损失。结果表明:由于煤炭资源开发引起的生态破坏和环境污染,已经严重影响了当地居民的生产和生活,当地居民对本地区生态环境问题极为关注,并且治理愿望十分迫切,居民家庭年平均支付意愿为378.05元。居民受教育程度、收入水平及对环境问题的认识态度等都对支付意愿有着明显的影响。其结论对于资源开发地制定有针对性的生态环境保护政策及法律法规,以及建立科学的生态补偿机制,保持资源开发与社会经济的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。     

α -三联噻吩对红火蚁Solenopsis invicta觅食行为和触角功能的影响

通过研究光活化杀虫活性成分 α -三联噻吩( α -T)对红火蚁 Solenopsis invicta Buren工蚁觅食行为和触角识别功能的影响,探讨了光活化成分用于控制红火蚁的可行性。用Potter喷雾法将100 μg/mL的 α -T丙酮水溶液喷施于红火蚁中型工蚁体表,再经紫外(UVA)光照射30 min,在处理后5、10、15、20和30 min时,试蚁对火腿肠的识别率分别为20.00%、25.00%、38.33%、40.00% 和41.67%,对杀虫剂饵料的识别率分别为3.33%、0、0、3.33%和0,聚集率分别为17.50%、38.33%、 32.50%、45.00%和48.33%;经100 μg/mL的 α -T涂抹试蚁触角再经紫外光照处理30 min后,触角对丙酮反应的电位值为-0.177 mV,可正常行走的工蚁比率为75.00%;以100 μg/mL的 α -T涂抹试蚁触角并经紫外光照射30 min后10 h,红火蚁的死亡率为27.50%;上述结果均与 α -T黑暗处理、对照(CK)光照处理和CK黑暗处理结果差异显著。 α -T对红火蚁工蚁食物识别和探路行走能力均具有良好的光活化抑制作用,以其防治红火蚁具有良好可行性。     

Experimental comparison of aerial larvicides and habitat modification for controlling disease-carrying Aedes vigilax mosquitoes

BACKGROUND: Microbial and insect‐growth‐regulator larvicides dominate current vector control programmes because they reduce larval abundance and are relatively environmentally benign. However, their short persistence makes them expensive, and environmental manipulation of larval habitat might be an alternative control measure. Aedes vigilax is a major vector species in northern Australia. A field experiment was implemented in Darwin, Australia, to test the hypotheses that (1) aerial microbial larvicide application effectively decreases Ae. vigilax larval presence, and therefore adult emergence, and (2) environmental manipulation is an effective alternative control measure. Generalised linear and mixed‐effects modelling and information‐theoretic comparisons were used to test these hypotheses. RESULTS: It is shown that the current aerial larvicide application campaign is effective at suppressing the emergence of Ae. vigilax, whereas vegetation removal is not as effective in this context. In addition, the results indicate that current larval sampling procedures are inadequate for quantifying larval abundance or adult emergence. CONCLUSIONS: This field‐based comparison has shown that the existing larviciding campaign is more effective than a simple environmental management strategy for mosquito control. It has also identified an important knowledge gap in the use of larval sampling to evaluate the effectiveness of vector control strategies. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Concentrations and environmental risk of chlorothalonil in air near potato fields in Prince Edward Island, Canada

BACKGROUND: Chlorothalonil is used extensively in Prince Edward Island for the control of blight on potatoes, and has been measured throughout summer months in ambient air monitoring studies. This study was designed to characterize near-field drift of chlorothalonil, and to evaluate how exposure to measured air concentrations might impact upon local wildlife species. RESULTS: Air samples were collected using high-volume samplers at three distances downwind of sprayed potato fields, and at four different time intervals. Chlorothalonil was detected in 73% of prespray samples (from < 0.013 to 0.440 µg m⁻³). The mean air concentration 0 m away from the field edge during spray was 5.8 µg m⁻³, which was 7–41 times higher than concentrations measured in similar studies. Air concentrations were found to decline exponentially both with distance and time, although 0 m and 30 m concentrations at 2 h post-spray remained significantly (3 times) higher than prespray (P < 0.05). Wind speed was not found to be significantly correlated with air concentration; however, increases in temperature were found to be significantly correlated with increases in air concentrations at all sample times, at 0 m and 30 m distances. CONCLUSION: Frequent prespray detections and high post-spray concentrations suggest that both chronic and acute exposures to non-target species are occurring; however, risk calculations suggest a relatively low risk of effects to representative species. One measurement showed that a human-health-based short-term guideline had been exceeded, indicating that potential impacts to humans from chlorothalonil under current application conditions cannot be discounted. Copyright © 2011 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd     

豫中黄土地区全新世黄土古土壤沉积序列辐射环境研究

选取豫中黄土地区典型的黄土古土壤沉积序列,根据其沉积物中U、Th、K元素的浓度及沉积序列所在地的纬度、经度、海拔对宇宙射线的影响,计算了沉积序列中环境辐射的强度。结果表明:黄土古土壤剖面的平均辐射强度为19.86mGy a-1,变化幅度在21%左右。环境辐射强度在S0、Lt、L1层位中较大,均值分别为20.58、23.19、22.47 mGy a-1。在TS层沉积物中辐射强度最小,平均剂量率为11.35mGy a-1。剂量率值在全新世剖面中的变化分别受到了沉积粉尘物质组成的变化和易淋溶元素迁移的影响。前者对剂量率变化的影响非常微弱;后者的影响则相对较大。Fe/Al值的变化也说明了整个黄土古土壤沉积序列在全新世期间沉积粉尘的物质组成变化非常微弱,指示了全新世近万年尺度内研究区沉积物质是相对较为稳定的。     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂产雌和产雄生殖行为

室内观察并比较了浅黄恩蚜小蜂的产雌和产雄生殖行为。根据观察结果,将两种生殖过程划分为四个阶段：（1）体外用触角检测寄主,（2）产卵器检测寄主体内环境,（3）排卵及（4）拔出产卵器。产雌和产雄生殖行为在寄主体内检测时的身体摆动、产卵时蜂相对静止程度、产卵器拔出动作和在寄主表面穿刺次数等方面均存在差异。在产雌和产雄生殖行为中,蜂对寄主的检测时间不存在显著差异（分别为14.84 s、15.50 s）,而寄主的体内检测时间（分别为190.23 s、482.55 s）,在两者间存在显著差异。产雌寄生时,雌蜂是否出现＂静止＂及产卵器是否抽动拔出可以作为产卵的判断标准,但对产雄寄生,则无法通过行为动作来进行判断。     

环境系统可持续发展评价研究

从信息角度出发将环境系统作为一个整体对象,建立了定量模拟的新评价模型,揭示了其复杂性本质及演化规律,并以山东省济南等5市环境发展作为典型案例进行应用分析.     

舟山市无公害蔬菜基地土壤环境质量评价

对舟山市无公害蔬菜基地土壤中的Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As、HCHs、DDTs的含量进行了测定,以国家标准《农产品安全质量：无公害蔬菜产地环境要求》（GB/T 18407.1-2001）中土壤环境质量标准值为依据,采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法评价了土壤环境质量。结果显示,Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As、HCHs、DDTs的含量均低于无公害蔬菜产地要求的土壤质量指标值,说明土壤质量满足无公害蔬菜的生产。污染指数评价结果显示,7个监测项目的单因子污染指数均小于1.0,表明土壤未受到污染;个别蔬菜基地的综合污染指数值略大于0.7,污染程度达到警戒线,其余均小于0.7,说明舟山无公害蔬菜基地土壤环境质量整体上处于安全级别。     

汕头港海域氮、磷营养盐环境容量及排放总量控制的研究

采用带有干湿网格技术的POM08模型,对汕头港海域的二维垂向平均潮流场进行了数值模拟;同时耦合二维物质输运方程,采用分担率法计算了该海域6个人海污染源的氮、磷营养盐环境容量,并在此基础上进行了减排方案设计模拟。结果表明：水动力模拟结果与实测数据吻合较好;在对汕头港6个污染源的氮、磷营养盐的总量控制中,应重点关注榕江、外沙河、梅溪和新津河各污染物的入海通量;整个汕头港海域氮污染较严重,现有监测质量已不满足规定的水质保护目标,需采取严格的削减措施;整个汕头港海域磷污染相对较轻,采取一定的减排措施可以达到规定的水质保护目标;对于无机氮,榕江至少要减排95％,外沙河减排65％,其余污染源减排90％或适当降低减排率,才能使整个汕头港海域无机氮浓度基本满足相应的水质保护目标;对于活性磷酸盐,榕江至少要减排5％,梅溪、外沙河减排25％,其余污染源减排5％,才能使整个汕头港海域活性磷酸盐浓度基本满足相应的水质保护目标。